Usia Megawati Sekarang

Usia Megawati Sekarang

Ketua Partai Demokrasi Indonesia

Megawati tidak terpilih kembali, tetapi tetap menjadi anggota PDI. Pada bulan Desember 1993, PDI mengadakan kongres nasional. Seperti yang selalu terjadi ketika partai-partai oposisi Orde Baru mengadakan kongres, pemerintah aktif ikut campur. Menjelang Kongres, tiga orang bersaing untuk menjadi ketua PDI. Petahana, Soerjadi, menjadi kritis terhadap pemerintah. Kedua, Budi Harjono sosok ramah pemerintah yang didukung pemerintah. Yang ketiga adalah Megawati. Pencalonannya mendapat dukungan luar biasa sehingga pemilihannya di Kongres menjadi formalitas.[9]

Ketika kongres berkumpul, pemerintah terhenti dan menunda upaya untuk mengadakan pemilihan.[9] Kongres menghadapi tenggat waktu ketika izin mereka untuk berkumpul akan habis. Saat jam-jam berlalu hingga akhir kongres, pasukan mulai berkumpul. Dengan waktu tinggal dua jam lagi, Megawati mengadakan konferensi pers, menyatakan bahwa karena dia menikmati dukungan mayoritas anggota PDI, dia sekarang menjadi ketua de facto.[9] Meskipun relatif kurang pengalaman politik, dia populer sebagian karena statusnya sebagai putri Soekarno dan karena dia dipandang bebas dari korupsi dengan kualitas pribadi yang mengagumkan. Di bawah kepemimpinannya, PDI memperoleh banyak pengikut di kalangan kaum miskin perkotaan dan kelas menengah perkotaan dan pedesaan.[10]

Pemerintah marah karena gagal mencegah kebangkitan Megawati. Mereka tidak pernah mengakui Megawati meskipun pengangkatannya sendiri disahkan pada tahun 1994. Pada tahun 1996, pemerintah mengadakan kongres nasional khusus di Medan yang memilih kembali Soerjadi sebagai ketua. Megawati dan kubunya menolak untuk mengakui hasil dan PDI dibagi menjadi kubu pro-Megawati dan anti-Megawati.[11]

Soerjadi mulai mengancam akan merebut kembali Markas Besar PDI di Jakarta. Ancaman ini dilakukan pada pagi hari 27 Juli 1996.[12] Pendukung Soerjadi (dilaporkan dengan dukungan Pemerintah) menyerang Markas Besar PDI dan menghadapi perlawanan dari pendukung Megawati yang ditempatkan di sana. Dalam pertarungan berikutnya, pendukung Megawati bertahan di markas. Kerusuhan terjadi, diikuti oleh tindakan keras pemerintah. Pemerintah kemudian menyalahkan kerusuhan itu pada Partai Rakyat Demokratik (PRD), dan tetap mengakui fraksi Soerjadi sebagai partai resmi.[13]

Terlepas dari apa yang tampak sebagai kekalahan politik, Megawati mencetak kemenangan moral dan popularitasnya meningkat. Ketika tiba saatnya untuk pemilihan legislatif 1997, Megawati dan pendukungnya memberikan dukungan mereka di belakang Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP), partai oposisi lain yang disetujui.[14]

Pada pertengahan tahun 1997, Indonesia mulai terkena dampak Krisis Keuangan Asia dan menunjukkan kesulitan ekonomi yang parah. Pada akhir Januari 1998 rupiah jatuh ke hampir 15.000 terhadap dolar AS, dibandingkan dengan hanya 4.000 pada awal Desember. Meningkatnya kemarahan publik terhadap korupsi yang merajalela memuncak dengan pengunduran diri Soeharto dan pengangkatan presiden oleh Wakil Presiden B. J. Habibie pada Mei 1998, memulai era Reformasi. Pembatasan terhadap Megawati telah dihapus dan dia mulai mengkonsolidasikan posisi politiknya. Pada Oktober 1998, para pendukungnya mengadakan Kongres Nasional di mana faksi PDI Megawati sekarang dikenal sebagai Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI-P). Megawati terpilih sebagai Ketua dan dicalonkan sebagai calon presiden PDI-P.[15]

PDI-P, bersama dengan Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (PKB) Abdurrahman Wahid dan Partai Amanat Nasional (PAN) pimpinan Amien Rais, menjadi kekuatan reformasi terkemuka. Terlepas dari popularitas mereka, Megawati, Wahid dan Rais mengambil sikap moderat, lebih memilih untuk menunggu sampai pemilihan legislatif 1999 untuk memulai perubahan besar.[16] Pada November 1998, Megawati bersama Wahid, Rais dan Hamengkubuwono X menegaskan kembali komitmennya untuk melakukan reformasi melalui Pernyataan Ciganjur.

Menjelang pemilu, Megawati, Wahid dan Amien mempertimbangkan untuk membentuk koalisi politik melawan Presiden Habibie dan Golkar. Pada bulan Mei, Alwi Shihab mengadakan konferensi pers di rumahnya di mana Megawati, Wahid dan Amien akan mengumumkan bahwa mereka akan bekerja sama. Di menit-menit terakhir, Megawati memilih untuk tidak hadir, karena dia memutuskan tidak bisa mempercayai Amien.[17] Pada bulan Juni, pemilihan diadakan dan PDI-P menjadi pemenang dengan 33% suara.[18]

Dengan kemenangan tersebut, prospek kepresidenan Megawati semakin kokoh. Dia ditentang oleh PPP yang tidak menginginkan presiden perempuan.[19] Untuk persiapan Sidang Umum MPR 1999, PDI-P membentuk koalisi longgar dengan PKB. Menjelang Sidang Umum MPR, sepertinya pemilihan presiden akan diperebutkan antara Megawati dan Habibie, tetapi pada akhir Juni, Amien telah menarik partai-partai Islam ke dalam koalisi yang disebut Poros Tengah.[17] Pemilihan presiden menjadi perlombaan tiga arah ketika Amien melontarkan gagasan untuk mencalonkan Wahid sebagai presiden; namun Wahid tidak memberikan tanggapan yang jelas atas usulan tersebut.

Post-presidency appointments

So far, Megawati Sukarnoputri is the only former president which somehow retained her influence within the government and even appointed to strategic positions with advisory capabilities. On 22 March 2018, she was appointed as Head of Steering Committee of Pancasila Ideology Development Agency. She also gained position as Head of National Research and Innovation Agency Steering Committee since 5 May 2021, and she was formally appointed on 13 September 2021.[71][72]

On 4 October 2023, Megawati Sukarnoputri had a meeting with former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad in Kuala Lumpur. During their discussion, the two senior politicians covered various topics, including Indonesia's plan to relocate its capital city to East Kalimantan.[73]

Megawati's first husband was First Lieutenant Surindro Supjarso [id], whom she married on 1 June 1968. He perished in a plane crash in Biak, West Irian, on 22 January 1970. On 27 June 1972, she married Hassan Gamal Ahmad Hassan, an Egyptian diplomat. The marriage was annulled by the Religious Court less than 3 months later.[9] She then married Taufiq Kiemas on 25 March 1973. He died on 8 June 2013.[74] She has three children, Mohammad Rizki Pratama, Muhammad Prananda Prabowo, and Puan Maharani. The sons are from her marriage with Surindro, while Puan Maharani is the only child from Megawati's marriage to Taufiq.[75][76]

Megawati is known to love nasi goreng and she has her own speciality in this dish. Her fried rice is often used as her political tool when dealing with other politicians. According to PDI-P Secretary General Hasto Kristiyanto, her fried rice recipe was made when her father Sukarno wanted to entertain a number of demonstrators. Well known recipients of her fried rice includes President Abdurrahman Wahid and Prabowo Subianto. The recipe was revealed during the 2019 Indonesian general elections.[77] Megawati also tends to cook dishes for her guests when she was Vice President and even memorize the guest's favorite food.[78] She then stated that female officials in the government must know how to cook their meals.[78]

She also enjoyed gardening. This hobby was stemmed to her when she was a member of House of Representatives and was seated in the 4th Commission that deals with agriculture, forestry, and transmigration.[79]

Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan

Megawati lahir di Yogyakarta dari pasangan Soekarno, yang telah memproklamasikan kemerdekaan Indonesia dari Belanda 2 tahun sebelumnya pada tahun 1945, dan Fatmawati, seorang keturunan bangsawan Inderapura, salah satu dari sembilan istri Soekarno. Megawati adalah anak kedua dan putri pertama Soekarno. Dia dibesarkan di Istana Merdeka ayahnya. Dia menari untuk tamu ayahnya dan mengembangkan hobi berkebun. Megawati berusia 19 tahun ketika ayahnya melepaskan kekuasaan pada tahun 1966 dan digantikan oleh pemerintahan yang akhirnya dipimpin oleh Presiden Soeharto.[6]

Megawati kuliah di Universitas Padjajaran di Bandung untuk belajar pertanian tetapi keluar pada tahun 1967 untuk bersama ayahnya setelah kejatuhannya. Pada tahun 1970, tahun ayahnya meninggal, Megawati pergi ke Universitas Indonesia untuk belajar psikologi tetapi keluar setelah dua tahun.[7]

Pada tahun 1986, Soeharto memberikan status Pahlawan Proklamasi kepada Soekarno dalam sebuah upacara yang dihadiri oleh Megawati. Pengakuan Soeharto memungkinkan Partai Demokrasi Indonesia (PDI), sebuah partai yang didukung pemerintah, untuk mengkampanyekan nostalgia Soekarno menjelang pemilihan legislatif 1987. Selama ini Megawati melihat dirinya sebagai ibu rumah tangga, tetapi pada tahun 1987 ia bergabung dengan PDI dan mencalonkan diri sebagai anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR).[6] PDI menerima Megawati untuk mendongkrak citranya sendiri. Megawati dengan cepat menjadi populer, statusnya sebagai putri Soekarno mengimbangi kurangnya keterampilan berpidato. Meski PDI berada di urutan terakhir dalam pemilu, Megawati terpilih menjadi anggota DPR. Seperti semua anggota DPR, ia juga menjadi anggota Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (MPR).[8]

Kongres Nasional PDI-P tahun 2000

Kongres Pertama PDI-P diadakan di Semarang, Jawa Tengah, pada bulan April 2000, di mana Megawati terpilih kembali sebagai Ketua untuk masa jabatan kedua.[21] Megawati mengkonsolidasikan posisinya dalam PDI-P dengan mengambil tindakan keras untuk menyingkirkan calon pesaing.[22] Dalam pemilihan Ketua, muncul dua calon lain; Eros Djarot dan Dimyati Hartono. Mereka mencalonkan diri karena tidak ingin Megawati merangkap sebagai ketua dan wakil presiden. Pencalonan Eros dari cabang Jakarta Selatan batal karena masalah keanggotaan. Eros tidak diizinkan untuk berpartisipasi dalam Kongres. Kecewa dengan apa yang dia anggap sebagai kultus kepribadian yang berkembang di sekitar Megawati, Eros meninggalkan PDI-P. Pada Juli 2002, ia membentuk Partai Nasional Benteng Kerakyatan Indonesia. Meski pencalonan Dimyati tidak ditentang sekeras Eros, ia dicopot sebagai Kepala Cabang Pusat PDI-P. Dia mempertahankan posisinya sebagai anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR), tetapi meninggalkan partai untuk menjadi dosen universitas.[23] Pada April 2002, Dimyati membentuk Partai Indonesia Tanah Air Kita.[24]

Presidency (2001–2004)

On 23 July 2001, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) removed Wahid from office and subsequently swore in Megawati Sukarnoputri as the new president.[30] She thus became the sixth woman to lead a Muslim-majority country. On 10 August 2001, she announced her Mutual Assistance Cabinet.[31]

The rise of an icon of opposition against the Suharto regime to the presidency was initially widely welcomed, however it soon became apparent that her presidency was marked with indecisiveness, lack of clear ideological direction, and "a reputation for inaction on important policy issues".[32][33][34] The good side of slow progress of reforms and avoiding confrontations was that she stabilized the overall democratization process and relationship between legislative, executive, and military.[32]

Reforms conducted from Abdurrahman Wahid's presidency has become Megawati's important agenda in restoring political stability and democracy. In doing so, her administration passed 2 more constitutional amendments with the third amendment being held on 10 November 2001 and the fourth amendment held on 1–11 August 2002.[35] These amendments contributed to the formation of the Constitutional Court[36] and the dissolution of the Supreme Advisory Council.[35] In contribution to these amendments, her government has drafted numerous laws that will fulfill the amendments done to the Constitution of Indonesia especially in local governments, political parties, and elections.[37]

Minister of Home Affairs Hari Sabarno outlined her administration's focus on decentralization, where the implementation of regional autonomy is carried out fairly to give authority to regions to manage their own regions while maintaining national unity and integrity.[37] In guiding such autonomy and to preserve national unity, her government implements regional autonomy policies that are proportional and consistent, implementing fair financial balance, increasing the distribution of easily accessible public services, correcting gaps in economic development and regional income, and respecting regional cultural values based on the mandate given by the Constitution.[38]

In combating rampant corruption inherited from the New Order, she formed the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK).[39] The establishment of the KPK was based on Megawati seeing that many institutions at that time were too dirty, so the KPK was formed. Long before that, the initial idea for forming the Corruption Eradication Committee emerged in the era of President BJ Habibie who issued Law Number 28 of 1999 concerning State Administration that was clean and free from corruption, collusion and nepotism.[39]

The Indonesian National Armed Forces has undergone changes in order to suit their new roles in the democratic administration to be a military force that is more dynamic, ever-ready and flexible to changes. This is specified by Megawati on the following quote:[37]

The TNI has pledged its commitment to continue carrying out its internal reforms by way of taking concrete measures to position itself professionally and functionally as the instrument of state defense and to uphold the enforcement of democracy as well as to abide by the law and to respect human rights

— Megawati Sukarnoputri

One of the roles of the TNI in the democratic political system carried out by President Megawati was also specifically deciding to transfer the authority to carry out security operations in Maluku from the hands of the Police to the hands of the TNI which proved effective in restoring stability in 2002. President Megawati also revived the Iskandar Muda Regional Military Command in February 2002.[37]

She passed Law No. 3 2002 on National Defense which outlines huge changes to the military. The policy stated in the law then became the forerunner of the definitions, goals, roles, targets and implementation of Indonesia's defenses. Apart from making Indonesia a safe country for its people and build peace with, the defense policy also includes Indonesia's geographical aspects as an archipelagic country as a consideration to make preparations on national defense. In this policy, the Indonesian National Armed Forces is placed as the main defense component, supported by reserves and supporting components.[37] Megawati also involved non-governmental organizations to assist the military in non-military threats.[38] In 2002, she prepared a budget of IDR 7,5 billion for TNI/POLRI's welfare programs which includes housing for personnels of each branch and facility improvements.[37]

Internationally, the military was hit by an arms embargo imposed by the United States and US President Bill Clinton accused Indonesia of conducting human rights violation in East Timor.[37] The embargo affected Indonesia's ability to purchase spare parts for strategic arsenals such as F-16 Fighting Falcon and Northrop F-5 owned by the Indonesian Air Force and reduced combat readiness of all Indonesian military units down to 50%.[37] As a result, Megawati turned to Russia for military cooperation, resulting in the acquisition of military equipment such as Sukhoi Su-27 fighters and Mil Mi-35 attack helicopters in order to effectively defend Indonesia from external threats.[37][40]

On 19 May 2003, in response of GAM refusal of the Tokyo peace deal which planned to end the decades long insurgency in Aceh, Megawati gave the 12th Indonesian Military Chief General Endriartono Sutarto, permission to commence military operations against the GAM separatist. General Sutarto also imposed martial law in Aceh for a period of six months and the Indonesian government subsequently deployed 1,500 soldiers and 12,000 police to the province.[41] During the military operation, government forces would conduct numerous human rights abuses including torture, rape, forced disappearances, and murder.[42] An estimated 1,159 rebels died with 147 civilians were killed and 155 wounded during the operation.[43]

Since her inauguration, Megawati's administration strive to provide conditions that conducive to rebuilding the economy that has been in ruins ever since the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the political crisis since Suharto's fall between 1998 and 2001. During the early periods of her administration, Indonesia has US$105.8 billion in debt which was inherited from Suharto's regime.[44] As president, she attended Paris Club and London Club meetings in an attempt to renegotiate Indonesia's outstanding debts which result in Megawati able to delay the payments of US$5.8 billion of debts in a Paris Club meeting in 12 April 2002 and prepared a debt payment of Rp.116.3 billion on 2003.[37]

Megawati restored cooperative relations with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) which has been delayed during Wahid's presidency[45] by tasking Coordinating Minister for Economic Affairs Dorodjatun Kuntjoro-Jakti, Minister of Finance Boediono and Governor of Bank Indonesia Burhanuddin Abdullah to fulfill 20 letters of intent from the IMF and World Bank which affects with the disbursement of an IMF loan of around SDR 400 million to strengthen the position of foreign exchange reserves for each LOI received.[37] The partnership itself ends in 2003 due to her criticisms on IMF and World Bank's "confusing" suggestions in recovering Indonesia's economy.[46]

Her administration is widely known for privatizations of state owned enterprises (SOE).[47] According to Megawati, the privatization of SOEs is done to defend SOEs from public intervention and debt payments, to increase efficiency and competitiveness of the SOEs and to speed up economic growth from the private sector.[37][47] Numerous state enterprises such as Semen Gresik, Bank Negara Indonesia, Kimia Farma and most controversially, Indosat were privatized.[47][48] In her own journal, Megawati's privatization drive has successfully increased economic growth by 4.1% and suppressed inflation by 5.06%.[37] However, her privatization on SOEs especially on Indosat generated criticisms and Megawati was accused as a neoliberal.[49]

One of her national development focus and leading sector is Indonesia's marine and fisheries economy. On 7 June 2003, Megawati on board KRI Tanjung Dalpele launched the National Movement for Maritime and Fisheries Development (GERBANG MINA BAHARI). In essence, the movement establishes the Maritime and Fisheries sector, Maritime Tourism, Maritime Industry and Services, and Maritime Transportation as the prime mover of national economic development. Simultaneously, other development sectors and political-economic policies support these prime mover sectors. Meanwhile, the basis of Maritime and Fisheries development is Sustainable Development, namely harmonizing efforts to increase economic growth, equal distribution of welfare and environmental preservation.[37]

Under Megawati, Indonesia reaffirmed its presence in Papua and positioned itself as the central government and ensured that the doctrine of independence and the ideas of freedom and self-determination did not emerge.[50] Under the Megawati’s administration, West Papuan independence activist Theys Eluay was assassinated. Megawati’s government also postponed the implementing regulations for the establishment of the Papuan People’s Assembly (Majelis Rakyat Papua), and favored the issuance of a presidential decree to implement Law No. 45/1999[51] to divide Papua into three distinct provinces.[52][53]

In 2003, Megawati launched a reforestation program in the form of the National Movement for Forest and Terrain Rehabilitation (GERHAN). This program aimed to address the need for rehabilitation of degraded areas which are increasing in size and the destruction of forests and land that has occurred.[38] According to Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Rokhmin Dahuri, Megawati has long loved plants. Rokhmin said that her personal hobby has also made Megawati to be more aware and concerned about policies related to environmental conservation.[54]

Pemilihan presiden tidak langsung 1999

Koalisi PDI-P Megawati dan PKB menghadapi ujian pertamanya ketika MPR berkumpul untuk memilih Ketuanya. Megawati memberikan dukungannya di belakang Matori Abdul Djalil, Ketua PKB. Ia dikalahkan habis-habisan oleh Amien, yang selain mendapat dukungan Poros Tengah juga didukung Golkar.[19] Koalisi Golkar dan Poros Tengah kembali menggebrak saat mengamankan pemilihan Akbar Tanjung sebagai Ketua DPR. Pada tahap ini, masyarakat menjadi khawatir bahwa Megawati, yang paling mewakili reformasi, akan dihalangi oleh proses politik dan status quo akan dipertahankan. Pendukung PDI-P mulai berkumpul di Jakarta.

Habibie membuat pidato yang kurang diterima tentang akuntabilitas politik yang membuatnya mundur. Pemilihan presiden yang dilaksanakan pada tanggal 20 Oktober 1999 berpihak pada Megawati dan Wahid. Megawati memimpin lebih dulu, tetapi disusul dan kalah dengan 313 suara dibandingkan dengan 373 suara Wahid. Kekalahan Megawati memicu para pendukungnya untuk memberontak.[19] Kerusuhan berkecamuk di Jawa dan Bali. Di kota Solo, massa PDIP menyerang rumah Amien.

Keesokan harinya, MPR berkumpul untuk memilih wakil presiden. PDI-P sempat mempertimbangkan untuk mencalonkan Megawati, tetapi khawatir koalisi Poros Tengah dan Golkar akan kembali menggagalkannya. Sebaliknya, PKB mencalonkan Megawati. Dia menghadapi persaingan ketat dari Hamzah Haz, Akbar Tanjung dan Jenderal Wiranto. Sadar akan kerusuhan itu, Akbar dan Wiranto mundur.[19] Hamzah tetap bertahan, tapi Megawati mengalahkannya 396 berbanding 284. Dalam pidato pelantikannya, dia menyerukan ketenangan.

Indonesian Democratic Party chair

Megawati Sukarnoputri was not reelected, but continued as a PDI member. In December 1993, the PDI held a national congress. As was always the case when New Order opposition parties held their congresses, the government actively interfered. As the Congress approached, three individuals contended for the PDI chair. The incumbent, Suryadi, had become critical of the government. The second was Budi Harjono a government-friendly figure whom the government backed. The third was Megawati Sukarnoputri. Her candidacy received such overwhelming support that her election at the Congress became a formality.[11]

When the congress assembled, the government stalled and delayed attempts to hold the election.[11] The congress faced a deadline when their permit to assemble would run out. As the hours ticked down to the end of the congress, troops began gathering. With only two hours remaining, Megawati Sukarnoputri called a press conference, stating that because she enjoyed the support of a majority of PDI members, she was now the de facto chair.[11] Despite her relative lack of political experience, she was popular in part for her status as Sukarno's daughter and because she was seen as free of corruption with admirable personal qualities. Under her leadership, PDI gained a large following among the urban poor and both urban and rural middle classes.[12]

The government was outraged at its failure to prevent Megawati's rise. They never acknowledged Megawati Sukarnoputri although her self-appointment was ratified in 1994. In 1996, the government convened a special national congress in Medan that reelected Suryadi as chair. Megawati Sukarnoputri and her camp refused to acknowledge the results and the PDI divided into pro-Megawati and anti-Megawati camps.[13]

Suryadi began threatening to take back PDI's Headquarters in Jakarta. This threat was carried on the morning of 27 July 1996.[14] Suryadi's supporters (reportedly with the government's backing) attacked PDI Headquarters and faced resistance from Megawati Sukarnoputri supporters stationed there. In the ensuing fight, Megawati's supporters held on to the headquarters. A riot ensued, followed by a government crackdown. The government later blamed the riots on the People's Democratic Party (PRD), and continued to recognize Suryadi's faction as the official party.[15]

Despite what seemed to be a political defeat, Megawati Sukarnoputri scored a moral victory and her popularity grew. When the time came for the 1997 legislative election, Megawati Sukarnoputri and her supporters threw their support behind the United Development Party (PPP), the other approved opposition party.[16]

In mid-1997, Indonesia began to be affected by the Asian Financial Crisis and showed severe economic distress. By late January 1998 the rupiah fell to nearly 15,000 against the US dollar, compared to only 4,000 in early December. Increasing public anger at pervasive corruption culminated with Suharto's resignation and the assumption of the presidency by Vice President B. J. Habibie in May 1998, starting the Reformation era (Reformasi). The restrictions on Megawati Sukarnoputri were removed and she began to consolidate her political position. In October 1998, her supporters held a National Congress whereby Megawati's PDI faction would now be known as the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). Megawati Sukarnoputri was elected chair and was nominated as PDI-P's presidential candidate.[17]

PDI-P, together with Abdurrahman Wahid's National Awakening Party (PKB) and Amien Rais' National Mandate Party (PAN), became the leading reform forces. Despite their popularity, Megawati Sukarnoputri, Abdurrahman Wahid and Amien Rais adopted a moderate stance, preferring to wait until the 1999 legislative election to begin major changes.[18] In November 1998, Megawati Sukarnoputri, together with Abdurrahman Wahid, Amien Rais and Hamengkubuwono X reiterated their commitment to reform through the Ciganjur Statement.[19]

As the elections approached, Megawati Sukarnoputri, Abdurrahman Wahid and Amien Rais considered forming a political coalition against President Habibie and Golkar. In May, Alwi Shihab held a press conference at his house during which Megawati Sukarnoputri, Abdurrahman Wahid and Amien Rais were to announce that they would work together. At the last minute, Megawati Sukarnoputri chose not to attend, because she decided that she could not trust Amien.[20] In June, the elections were held and PDI-P came first with 33% of the votes.[21]

With the victory, Megawati's presidential prospects solidified. She was opposed by PPP who did not want a female president.[22] In preparation for the 1999 MPR General Session, PDI-P formed a loose coalition with PKB. As the MPR General Session approached, it seemed as if the presidential election would be contested between Megawati Sukarnoputri and B. J. Habibie, but by late June Amien Rais had drawn the Islamic parties into a coalition called the Central Axis.[20] The presidential election became a three-way race when Amien Rais floated the idea of nominating Wahid for president; but Abdurrahman Wahid did not provide a clear response to the proposal.[citation needed]

Rise to the presidency

Megawati Sukarnoputri had an ambivalent relationship with Abdurrahman Wahid. During the cabinet reshuffle of August 2000 for example, Megawati was not present for the announcement of the new line-up.[28] At another occasion, when the political tide began to turn against Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati Sukarnoputri defended him and lashed out against critics.[29] In 2001, Megawati Sukarnoputri began to distance herself from Abdurrahman Wahid as a Special Session of the MPR approached and her prospects of becoming president improved. Although she refused to make any specific comments, she showed signs of preparing herself, holding a meeting with party leaders a day before the Special Session was to start.[citation needed]

Jabatan pascakepresidenan

Sejauh ini, hanya Megawati yang merupakan mantan presiden Indonesia yang entah bagaimana mempertahankan pengaruhnya di pemerintahan yang berkuasa dan bahkan diangkat ke posisi strategis dengan kemampuan penasihat. Pada 22 Maret 2018, ia diangkat sebagai Ketua Panitia Pengarah Badan Pembinaan Ideologi Pancasila. Ia juga menjabat sebagai Ketua Panitia Pengarah Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional sejak 5 Mei 2021. Untuk yang terakhir, meskipun menjabat sejak 5 Mei 2021, ia dilantik secara resmi pada 13 September 2021.[58][59]

Pada 3 Oktober 2023, Megawati bertemu dengan mantan Perdana Menteri Malaysia Mahathir Mohamad.[60]

Suami pertama Megawati adalah Letnan Satu Surindro Supjarso, yang dinikahinya pada 1 Juni 1968. Ia tewas dalam kecelakaan pesawat di Biak, Irian Barat, pada 22 Januari 1970. Pada 27 Juni 1972, ia menikah dengan Hassan Gamal Ahmad Hassan, seorang diplomat Mesir. Pernikahan itu dibatalkan oleh Pengadilan Agama kurang dari 3 bulan kemudian.[7] Ia kemudian menikah dengan Taufiq Kiemas pada 25 Maret 1973. Ia meninggal pada 8 Juni 2013.[61] Ia dikaruniai tiga orang anak, Mohammad Rizki Pratama, Muhammad Prananda Prabowo, dan Puan Maharani. Anak laki-lakinya berasal dari pernikahannya dengan Surindro, sedangkan Puan adalah anak tunggal dari pernikahan Megawati dengan Taufiq.[62][63]

Dr.(H.C.) Hj. Dyah Permata Megawati Setyawati Soekarnoputri atau lebih dikenal dengan nama Megawati Soekarnoputri lahir di  Yogyakarta, 23 Januari 1947. Ia merupakan presiden wanita Indonesia pertama dan anak dari presiden Indonesia pertama, Soekarno, yang kemudian mengikuti jejak ayahnya menjadi Presiden Indonesia.

Megawati adalah anak kedua Presiden Soekarno yang telah memproklamasikan kemerdekaan Indonesia pada 17 Agustus 1945. Ibunda Megawati, Fatmawati[1], adalah seorang gadis kelahiran Bengkulu di mana Soekarno dahulu pernah diasingkan pada masa penjajahan Belanda.  Ia dilahirkan pada masa Agresi Militer Belanda. Pada waktu Soekarno diasingkan ke pulau Bangka, Fatmawati melahirkan seorang bayi yang dinamai Megawati Soekarno Putri, pada tanggal 23 Januari 1947 di kampung Ledok Ratmakan, tepi barat Kali Code.

Jejak politik sang ayah berpengaruh kuat pada diri Megawati Soekarnoputri. Karena sejak mahasiswa, saat kuliah di Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Pajajaran, ia pun selalu aktif di Gerakan Mahasiswa Nasional Indonesia (GMNI).

Tahun 1986 ia mulai masuk ke dunia politik, sebagai wakil ketua PDI Cabang Jakarta Pusat. Karier politiknya terbilang melesat. Mega hanya butuh waktu satu tahun menjadi anggota DPR RI.

Dalam Kongres Luar Biasa PDI yang diselenggarakan di Surabaya 1993, Megawati terpilih secara aklamasi sebagai Ketua Umum PDI.

Pemerintah tidak puas dengan terpilihnya Mega sebagai Ketua Umum PDI. Mega pun didongkel dalam Kongres PDI di Medan pada tahun 1996, yang memilih Soerjadi sebagai Ketua Umum PDI.

Mega tidak menerima pendongkelan dirinya dan tidak mengakui Kongres Medan. Ia masih merasa sebagai Ketua Umum PDI yang sah. Kantor dan perlengkapannya pun dikuasai oleh pihak Mega. Pihak Mega tidak mau surut satu langkah pun. Mereka tetap berusaha mempertahankan kantor DPP PDI. Namun, Soerjadi yang didukung pemerintah memberi ancaman akan merebut secara paksa kantor DPP PDI yang terletak di Jalan Diponegoro.

Ancaman Soerjadi kemudian menjadi kenyataan. Tanggal 27 Juli 1996 kelompok Soerjadi benar-benar merebut kantor DPP PDI dari pendukung Mega. Aksi penyerangan yang menyebabkan puluhan pendukung Mega meninggal itu, berbuntut pada kerusuhan massal di Jakarta yang dikenal dengan nama Peristiwa 27 Juli. Kerusuhan itu pula yang membuat beberapa aktivis mendekam di penjara.

Pemilu 1999, PDI Mega yang berubah nama menjadi PDI Perjuangan berhasil memenangkan pemilu. Meski bukan menang telak, tetapi ia berhasil meraih lebih dari tiga puluh persen suara. Massa pendukungnya, memaksa supaya Mega menjadi presiden. Mereka mengancam, kalau Mega tidak jadi presiden akan terjadi revolusi.

Namun alur yang berkembang dalam Sidang Umum 1999 mengatakan lain, dan memilih KH Abdurrahman Wahid sebagai Presiden. Ia kalah tipis dalam voting pemilihan presiden adalah 373 banding 313 suara.

Namun, waktu juga yang berpihak kepada Megawati Sukarnoputri. Ia tidak harus menunggu lima tahun untuk menggantikan posisi Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid, setelah Sidang Umum 1999 menggagalkannya menjadi Presiden. Sidang Istimewa MPR, Senin (23/7/2001), telah menaikkan statusnya menjadi Presiden, setelah Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid dicabut mandatnya oleh MPR RI.

Pada 2004, masa pemerintahan Megawati ditandai dengan semakin menguatnya konsolidasi demokrasi di Indonesia, dalam masa pemerintahannyalah, pemilihan umum presiden secara langsung dilaksanakan dan secara umum dianggap merupakan salah satu keberhasilan proses demokratisasi di Indonesia. Ia mengalami kekalahan (40% - 60%) dalam pemilihan umum presiden 2004 tersebut dan harus menyerahkan tonggak kepresidenan kepada Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono mantan Menteri Koordinator pada masa pemerintahannya.

Sepuluh tahun kemudian, Megawati dan PDI-P menunjuk Joko Widodo untuk maju dalam Pemilihan umum Presiden Indonesia 2014. Akhirnya melalui proses pemilu yang cukup panjang, Joko Widodo dan Jusuf Kalla terpilih menjadi Presiden dan Wakil Presiden periode 2014 - 2019. Pada Rapat Kerja Nasional (Rakernas) IV PDI-P, Semarang, Jawa Tengah, 20 September 2014, Megawati ditunjuk kembali untuk menjadi Ketua Umum PDI-P periode 2015-2020.

Megawati Sukarnoputri (born January 23, 1947, Jakarta, Indonesia) is an Indonesian politician who was the fifth president of Indonesia (2001–04) and the first woman to hold the post.

The daughter of Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia, Megawati studied psychology and agriculture in college but did not take a degree. In 1987 she entered politics and was elected to the People’s Consultative Assembly (national parliament), becoming head of the Indonesian Democratic Party (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia; PDI) in 1993. She grew to be a threat to Indonesian president Suharto (who had replaced Sukarno in 1967), and in June 1996 the government engineered her removal as head of the PDI, thereby disqualifying her from running for president in the 1998 elections. Protests by her supporters in Jakarta in July prompted a government crackdown that spawned the worst riots and fires in the capital city in more than 20 years. Megawati was barred from running in the 1996 parliamentary elections.

In October 1998, after Suharto had resigned from office (May), Megawati and her supporters formed the left-of-center Indonesian Democratic Party for Struggle (Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan; PDI-P), and in the June 1999 parliamentary elections PDI-P took 34 percent of the vote, the best showing of any party. When Bacharuddin Jusuf (“B.J.”) Habibie, the unpopular interim president who had succeeded Suharto, withdrew, it was widely thought that the People’s Consultative Assembly would elect Megawati president. However, on October 20, the assembly chose Abdurrahman Wahid of the National Awakening Party, unleashing widespread protests by Megawati’s supporters; the next day she was chosen the country’s vice president. Faced with growing criticism of his administration, Wahid in 2000 handed over much of the day-to-day operations to Megawati, but his difficulties continued. On July 23, 2001, the People’s Consultative Assembly removed Wahid from office and named Megawati president, and she was sworn in later that day.

As president, Megawati faced a number of problems, including a failing economy, a separatist movement in the province of Aceh, and terrorist attacks. In October 2002 more than 200 people were killed and some 300 injured when a car bomb exploded outside a Bali nightclub; the attack was attributed to an Islamic militant group. Later that year she oversaw the signing of a cease-fire with Aceh separatists, but the fighting soon resumed, and in 2003 the government launched a major military offensive against the rebels. More bombings followed, including an attack on the Indonesian parliament. Megawati’s government was also beset by charges of corruption and was criticized for its inability to lower the country’s high unemployment rate. Megawati and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (her former security minister) prevailed in the first round of the 2004 presidential election, but he easily won a subsequent runoff vote and succeeded her in October. In July 2009 Megawati again ran for president, but she once more was defeated by Yudhoyono.

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Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Soekarnoputri (lahir 23 Januari 1947) adalah Presiden Indonesia kelima yang menjabat sejak 23 Juli 2001 hingga 20 Oktober 2004 dan Wakil Presiden Indonesia kedelapan yang menjabat sejak 21 Oktober 1999 hingga 23 Juli 2001.

Ia merupakan presiden wanita Indonesia pertama dan satu-satunya hingga saat ini,[2] dan menjadi Presiden Indonesia pertama yang lahir setelah Indonesia merdeka serta wanita kelima yang memimpin negara berpenduduk mayoritas Muslim. Setelah Wakil Presiden pada pemerintahan Presiden Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur), Megawati Soekarnoputri menjadi Presiden Indonesia setelah Gus Dur dicopot dari jabatannya pada tahun 2001. Ia mencalonkan diri kembali dalam Pemilu Presiden 2004, tetapi dikalahkan oleh Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Ia mencalonkan diri kembali dalam Pemilu Presiden 2009, tetapi dikalahkan Yudhoyono untuk kedua kalinya.

Megawati Soekarnoputri berperan penting dalam menciptakan Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi, sebuah lembaga yang bertugas untuk melawan korupsi di Indonesia. Ia juga menetapkan sistem pemilihan umum untuk pertama kalinya di mana rakyat Indonesia dapat memilih presiden dan wakil presiden secara langsung, selain memilih calon anggota legislatif. Akibatnya, ia diberi julukan "Ibu Penegak Konstitusi".[3]

Megawati juga merupakan ketua umum Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan (PDI-P) sejak memisahkan diri dari Partai Demokrasi Indonesia pada tahun 1999. Ia adalah putri sulung presiden pertama Indonesia, Soekarno.

Namanya, Soekarnoputri (berarti 'putri Soekarno'), adalah patronimik, bukan nama keluarga. Orang Jawa sering kali tidak memiliki nama keluarga. Ia sering disebut hanya sebagai Megawati atau Mega, yang berasal dari bahasa Sanskerta berarti 'dewi awan'. Dalam pidatonya di hadapan para siswa SD Sri Sathya Sai, ia menyebutkan bahwa politisi India, Biju Patnaik, menamainya atas permintaan Soekarno.[4][5]